AshigrainBlack-and-white negative · Black & white
Kodak Technical Pan
Extended-red black-and-white with development-dependent contrast.
Kodak Technical Pan printed on Kodak B&W Print Film 2302. Original vs Ashigrain.
At a glance
- Exposure index
- 125
- Introduced
- c. 1977
- Discontinued
- Process
- KODAK HC-110 Developer (Dilution D), small tank, 20 C (68 F), 8 min
About the film
Kodak Professional Technical Pan was a variable-contrast panchromatic black-and-white film with extended red sensitivity.
Jürgen Linder's history of comet photography dates Technical Pan 2415 to about 1977 and describes its place in comet photography. Kodak listed pictorial photography, photomicrography, microfilming, solar photography, electrophoretic gels and laser recording among its applications. The maker explained that development controlled contrast, with TECHNIDOL giving a low-contrast pictorial result and other treatments producing higher contrast. Its product codes were 2415 for 135, 6415 for 120 and 4415 for sheets, with different supports for those formats. Kodak's June 2003 sheet carried a discontinuance notice, saying that the final coating had already taken place years earlier and sales would continue only while inventory remained. It was documented by Eastman Kodak Company and is discontinued, but neither the sheet's header date nor the single historical account independently establishes its final production year.
Sources for this history
- KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film Technical Data, Eastman Kodak Company
- interstellarum THEMA 1/2014: Astrofotografie, Jürgen Linder / Oculum-Verlag
The look
Kodak Technical Pan is a panchromatic black-and-white film with extended red response and developer-dependent contrast. This model uses HC-110 Dilution D for 8 minutes at 20 °C, at EI 125, rather than the low-contrast TECHNIDOL treatment. It prints on Kodak 2302 by default.
Best for
- High-contrast technical subjects
- Photomicrography and microfilm looks
- Exploring extended-red tonal response
Compare camera films
FilmSpeedGrain, RMS σD · lower means finer grainYears made
Ansco Color Negative 843Ansco Color Negative 843−3 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 16−3 stops.0041951
Gevacolor Negative T 6.51Gevacolor Negative T 6.51−3 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 16−3 stops.0071951
Technicolor Process IITechnicolor Process II−3 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 16−3 stops.0191922
Trucolor (two-colour)Trucolor (two-colour)−3 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 16−3 stops.0191945
ORWOCOLOR UK 14ORWOCOLOR UK 14−2⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 20−2⅔ stops.0111964
Kodak Kodachrome 25Kodak Kodachrome 25−2⅓ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 25−2⅓ stops.0141974
Agfacolor Typ 432Agfacolor Typ 432−2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 32−2 stops.0071962
Kodak Aerochrome III 1443Kodak Aerochrome III 1443−1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 40−1⅔ stops.0292001
Kodak Vision3 50DKodak Vision3 50DMade since 2011, in production · −1⅓ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 50−1⅓ stops.0042011–
Fujifilm Velvia 50Fujifilm Velvia 50Made since 2007, in production · −1⅓ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 50−1⅓ stops.0112007–
Agfa Agfacolor Ultra 50Agfa Agfacolor Ultra 50−1⅓ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 50−1⅓ stops.0041995
Agfa Agfachrome RSX II 50Agfa Agfachrome RSX II 50−1⅓ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 50−1⅓ stops.0111998
Konica Impresa 50Konica Impresa 50−1⅓ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 50−1⅓ stops.0051998
Fujifilm Fujichrome 64T Type IIFujifilm Fujichrome 64T Type II−1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 64−1 stop.0132002
Kodak Kodachrome 64Kodak Kodachrome 64Made 1974–2009 · −1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 64−1 stop.0161974–2009
Polaroid Type 669Polaroid Type 669−⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 80−⅔ stop.0231981
Ilford Ortho PlusIlford Ortho PlusMade since 1997, in production · −⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 80−⅔ stop.0131997–
Kodak Ektar 100Kodak Ektar 100Made since 2008, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 100−⅓ stop.0052008–
Kodak Ektachrome 100DKodak Ektachrome 100DMade since 2018, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0132018–
Lucky Super GBR 100Lucky Super GBR 100−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 100−⅓ stop.0052001
Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 100Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 100−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 100−⅓ stop.0052002
Fujifilm Astia 100FFujifilm Astia 100FMade 2003–2012 · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0112003–12
Fujifilm Velvia 100Fujifilm Velvia 100Made since 2003, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0112003–
Kodak Ektachrome E100SKodak Ektachrome E100S−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0151996
Agfa Agfacolor Optima II 100Agfa Agfacolor Optima II 100−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 100−⅓ stop.0051998
Agfa Agfachrome RSX II 100Agfa Agfachrome RSX II 100−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0111998
Kodak Ektachrome E100VSKodak Ektachrome E100VS−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0171998
Fujifilm Provia 100FFujifilm Provia 100FMade since 2000, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0102000–
Kodak Ektachrome 100 Plus (EPP)Kodak Ektachrome 100 Plus (EPP)−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0181988
Fujifilm FP-100CFujifilm FP-100CMade 1992–2016 · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0221992–2016
Lomography Redscale XR 50-200Lomography Redscale XR 50-200−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 100−⅓ stop.0052025
Fomapan R 100Fomapan R 100Made since 1980, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0211980–
Kodak T-Max 100Kodak T-Max 100Made since 1986, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain the sameEI 100−⅓ stop.0081986–
Ilford Delta 100Ilford Delta 100Made since 1992, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 100−⅓ stop.0071992–
Agfa Agfapan APX 100Agfa Agfapan APX 100−⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 100−⅓ stop.0071998
Fomapan 100 ClassicFomapan 100 ClassicMade since 2016, in production · −⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 100−⅓ stop.0122016–
Eastman Color Negative 5247Eastman Color Negative 5247same speed vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 125same speed.0051983
Kodak Portra 160Kodak Portra 160Made since 2011, in production · +⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 160+⅓ stop.0062011–
Agfa Agfacolor Portrait XPS 160Agfa Agfacolor Portrait XPS 160+⅓ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 160+⅓ stop.0061995
Kodak Vision3 200TKodak Vision3 200TMade since 2010, in production · +⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 200+⅔ stop.0062010–
Kodak Verita 200DKodak Verita 200DMade since 2026, in production · +⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 200+⅔ stop.0062026–
Kodak Gold 200Kodak Gold 200Made since 2007, in production · +⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain the sameEI 200+⅔ stop.0082007–
Lucky Super GBR 200Lucky Super GBR 200+⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 200+⅔ stop.0072001
Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 200Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 200+⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 200+⅔ stop.0052002
Kodak Ektachrome E200Kodak Ektachrome E200+⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 200+⅔ stop.0181997
Agfa Agfachrome RSX II 200Agfa Agfachrome RSX II 200+⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 200+⅔ stop.0141998
Kodak Kodachrome 200Kodak Kodachrome 200+⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 200+⅔ stop.0271986
Harman Phoenix 200Harman Phoenix 200+⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 200+⅔ stop.0072023
Kodak Tri-X Reversal 7266Kodak Tri-X Reversal 7266Made since 2003, in production · +⅔ stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 200+⅔ stop.0242003–
Kodak Vision3 250DKodak Vision3 250DMade since 2009, in production · +1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 250+1 stop.0062009–
Fujifilm Eterna 250Fujifilm Eterna 250+1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 250+1 stop.0052006
Fujifilm Eterna 250DFujifilm Eterna 250DMade 2005–2013 · +1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 250+1 stop.0052005–13
Kodak Vision 250DKodak Vision 250DMade 1997–2005 · +1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 250+1 stop.0071997–2005
Kodak Aerocolor IV 2460Kodak Aerocolor IV 2460Made since 2009, in production · +1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 250+1 stop.0132009–
Eastman Double-X 5222Eastman Double-X 5222Made since 1960, in production · +1 stop vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 250+1 stop.0131960–
ORWO Wolfen NC400ORWO Wolfen NC400+1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 400+1⅔ stops.0052022
Kodak Portra 400Kodak Portra 400Made since 2010, in production · +1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 400+1⅔ stops.0072010–
ORWO Wolfen NC500ORWO Wolfen NC500+1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 400+1⅔ stops.0062022
Fujifilm Provia 400FFujifilm Provia 400F+1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 400+1⅔ stops.0172000
Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 400Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 400+1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 400+1⅔ stops.0062004
Fujifilm Pro 400HFujifilm Pro 400HMade 2004–2021 · +1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 400+1⅔ stops.0052004–21
Kodak Ektachrome 400XKodak Ektachrome 400X+1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 400+1⅔ stops.0371992
Fujifilm Superia X-TRA 400Fujifilm Superia X-TRA 400+1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 400+1⅔ stops.0052006
LomoChrome Color '92 Sun-kissedLomoChrome Color '92 Sun-kissed+1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 400+1⅔ stops.0052024
Kodak Tri-X 400Kodak Tri-X 400Made since 1954, in production · +1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 400+1⅔ stops.0171954–
Kodak T-Max 400Kodak T-Max 400Made since 2007, in production · +1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 400+1⅔ stops.0102007–
Ilford HP5 PlusIlford HP5 PlusMade since 1989, in production · +1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 400+1⅔ stops.0161989–
Ilford Delta 400Ilford Delta 400Made since 2002, in production · +1⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 400+1⅔ stops.0102002–
Kodak Vision3 500TKodak Vision3 500TMade since 2007, in production · +2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 500+2 stops.0072007–
Fujifilm Eterna Vivid 500Fujifilm Eterna Vivid 500Made 2009–2013 · +2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 500+2 stops.0052009–13
Kodak Vision2 500TKodak Vision2 500T+2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 500+2 stops.0092009
Fujicolor Reala 500DFujicolor Reala 500D+2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 500+2 stops.0052001
Kodak Vision2 Expression 500TKodak Vision2 Expression 500T+2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 500+2 stops.0092003
Fujifilm Eterna 500Fujifilm Eterna 500Made 2004–2013 · +2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 500+2 stops.0052004–13
Anscochrome D/500Anscochrome D/500+2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 500+2 stops.0381967
Eastman EXR 500TEastman EXR 500TMade 1989–1995 · +2 stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain the sameEI 500+2 stops.0081989–95
Kodak Portra 800Kodak Portra 800Made since 2000, in production · +2⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 800+2⅔ stops.0092000–
Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 800Ferrania Solaris FG Plus 800+2⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 800+2⅔ stops.0072004
Kodak Vision 800TKodak Vision 800T+2⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 800+2⅔ stops.0101998
Konica Centuria Super 1600Konica Centuria Super 1600+3⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain finerEI 1600+3⅔ stops.0072002
Kodak Ektachrome P1600Kodak Ektachrome P1600+3⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 1600+3⅔ stops.0501999
Kodak T-Max P3200Kodak T-Max P3200Made since 1988, in production · +4⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 3200+4⅔ stops.0181988–
Ilford Delta 3200Ilford Delta 3200Made since 1998, in production · +4⅔ stops vs Kodak Technical Pan · grain coarserEI 3200+4⅔ stops.0191998–
Science & sources
The curve represents HC-110 Dilution D, small tank, 8 minutes at 20 °C, with the sheet's EI 125 and gamma 2.00. It is not the low-contrast TECHNIDOL treatment. MTF, spectral sensitivity and the RMS 8 grain headline use the HC-110 condition; grain away from that headline is modelled. It prints on Kodak 2302 by default.
Response curves and the evidence behind the model
Compare manufacturer data with Ashigrain’s response on the same axes. These curves show how the model is calibrated to its sources; they do not establish a match to photographed film.
Characteristic response
RMS granularity
Density variation (σD) measured through a 48 µm aperture. Where the datasheet gives a single grain value, the response away from that point is an approximation.
| Channel | Density | Datasheet-based σD | Model σD |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 0.3 | 0.004382 | 0.004297 |
| N | 0.6 | 0.006197 | 0.006076 |
| N | 1 | 0.008 | 0.007845 |
| N | 1.5 | 0.009798 | 0.009608 |
| N | 2 | 0.011314 | 0.011094 |
Model limits
These images show the film model in use. Spectral response, lighting and viewing conditions include approximations. Halation, bloom, grain size, weave and flicker are not fully measured for each film. The look of real film also depends on development and print timing.
- Custom lighting spectra, camera metering and the spectral reflectance inferred from fixed-white-balance footage are assumptions used by the model, not measurements of this film.
- The source gives no colour balance. Daylight calibration and spectrally neutral silver density are assumptions.
- The model uses the HC-110 Dilution D small-tank curve developed for 8 minutes at 20 °C, at EI 125 and printed gamma 2.00. This does not model the low-contrast TECHNIDOL treatment or establish a universal ISO speed for Technical Pan.
- The density curve was exposed under tungsten for 1/25 s and is used as printed, without a measured conversion to a daylight-exposed curve. Diffuse densitometry is inferred from the sheet's image-structure data rather than stated on that chart.
- Only RMS granularity 8 × 10⁻³ at net diffuse density 1.0 with a 48 µm aperture is used, under HC-110 development. Its response at other densities uses a square-root density law; the TECHNIDOL value of 5 is not this model's grain condition.
- The physical silver-clump diameter is assumed to be 4.5 µm from the speed class; it is not measured by the RMS granularity value.
- Other developers and times are recorded but are not calibrated whole-stop push sets. Push and pull use a generic model.
- The toe below log H −2.0 and the response beyond 0.8 are extrapolated. The unprinted toe prevents the Kodak contrast-index arc construction from being determined.
- The processed sensitivity ends at 695 nm; no measured 700 nm grid value is available.
- The printed MTF rises above 100 %, which the model renders as a development adjacency effect. Its width, amplitude and dependence on density and development are not published and are approximated.
- The adjacency fit uses two parameters per layer and cannot follow every printed MTF sample. Its dependence on local density differences is also assumed.
- For 135 film, the sheet's 100 µm ESTAR-AH support and built-in 0.1 neutral density inform the grey-base interpretation of halation. The stated base density is informational, not added again to the measured tone curve; other formats do not have separately measured halation geometry.
- The default halation-radius scale is referenced to Kodak Vision3 500T (5219), whose base thickness is not published. The thickness scaling is therefore an assumption.
- The sheet prints reciprocity corrections at a few exposure times; the correction between them is interpolated.
- The exposure correction is modelled, but the source's development-time adjustments for short and long exposures are not. Their associated contrast and speed changes are not calibrated.
- Only one vector edition is available, so there is no independent digitisation-error measurement.
- In the print branch it prints on Kodak B&W Print Film 2302 by default. Black-and-white print timing is modelled.
- Halation strength, radius and layer weights are not quantified by the datasheet. The effect of removing antihalation and the bloom response are also approximations.
- The available sources do not measure veiling flare during projection. The model approximates its contribution to lifted blacks on screen, so the result is not a measured projection contrast.
Reciprocity: modelled from 1/10000 s to 100 s, following the datasheet's corrections for long and short exposures. Exposure time stops at the ends of that range.
Film guide: assumptions and practical choices
Sources
- Exposure index: KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film Technical Data, P-255, June 2003, p. 4
- Diffuse RMS granularity: KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film Technical Data, P-255, June 2003, p. 9
- Characteristic curves: KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film Technical Data, P-255, June 2003, p. 10
- Process: KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film Technical Data, P-255, June 2003, p. 10